Scalar functions

Functions that return one value per row. Names are case-insensitive. Full-text search uses hasToken(column, text), which also has the forms searchAll and searchAny, and bm25Score, which ranks the rows.

Name	Other names	Arguments	Description
`abs`		`(x)`	Returns the absolute value of a number.
`acos`		`(x)`	Returns the arc cosine of a number.
`add_days`	`addDays`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of days to a date or timestamp.
`add_hours`	`addHours`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of hours to a date or timestamp.
`add_minutes`	`addMinutes`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of minutes to a date or timestamp.
`add_months`	`addMonths`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of months to a date or timestamp.
`add_quarters`	`addQuarters`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of quarters to a date or timestamp.
`add_seconds`	`addSeconds`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of seconds to a date or timestamp.
`add_weeks`	`addWeeks`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of weeks to a date or timestamp.
`add_years`	`addYears`	`(x, y)`	Adds a number of years to a date or timestamp.
`age`		`(unit, x, y)`	Returns the number of full units that have elapsed between two dates or timestamps.
`array_string_concat`	`arrayStringConcat`	`(x[, y])`	Joins the elements of an array of strings, with an optional separator.
`array_with_constant`	`arrayWithConstant`	`(x, y)`	Returns an array of a given length filled with one value.
`asin`		`(x)`	Returns the arc sine of a number.
`assume_not_null`	`assumeNotNull`	`(x)`	Returns the value of a nullable expression as if it could not be NULL.
`atan`		`(x)`	Returns the arc tangent of a number.
`atan2`		`(x, y)`	Returns the angle in radians of the point given by its y and x coordinates.
`base64_decode`	`base64Decode`	`(x)`	Decodes a Base64 string.
`base64_encode`	`base64Encode`	`(x)`	Encodes a string as Base64.
`bin`		`(x)`	Returns the binary text form of a value.
`bit_and`	`bitAnd`	`(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise AND of two integers.
`bit_count`	`bitCount`	`(x)`	Returns the number of bits set to 1 in an integer.
`bit_not`	`bitNot`	`(x)`	Returns the bitwise complement of an integer.
`bit_or`	`bitOr`	`(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise OR of two integers.
`bit_positions_to_array`	`bitPositionsToArray`	`(x)`	Returns the positions of the set bits of an integer as an array.
`bit_shift_left`	`bitShiftLeft`	`(x, y)`	Shifts the bits of an integer to the left.
`bit_shift_right`	`bitShiftRight`	`(x, y)`	Shifts the bits of an integer to the right.
`bit_test`	`bitTest`	`(x, y)`	Returns the value of one bit of an integer.
`bit_test_all`	`bitTestAll`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns 1 when all the listed bits of an integer are set.
`bit_test_any`	`bitTestAny`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns 1 when at least one of the listed bits of an integer is set.
`bit_xor`	`bitXor`	`(x, y)`	Returns the bitwise XOR of two integers.
`bitmask_to_array`	`bitmaskToArray`	`(x)`	Returns the powers of two that make up an integer as an array.
`bitmask_to_list`	`bitmaskToList`	`(x)`	Returns the powers of two that make up an integer as comma-separated text.
`bm25_score`	`bm25Score`	`(x, y)`	Returns the BM25 relevance score of a text column for the given search terms.
`byte_swap`	`byteSwap`	`(x)`	Reverses the byte order of an integer.
`cast`		`(x AS type)`	Converts a value to the type named after AS.
`cbrt`		`(x)`	Returns the cube root of a number.
`ceil`	`ceiling`	`(x[, y])`	Rounds a number up to the number of decimal places given as the optional second argument.
`char`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Builds a string from byte values.
`city_hash64`	`cityHash64`	`(x)`	Returns the CityHash 64-bit hash of a value.
`coalesce`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the first argument that is not NULL.
`concat`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Joins its arguments into one string.
`concat_with_separator`	`concatWithSeparator`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Joins its arguments into one string with a separator between them.
`cos`		`(x)`	Returns the cosine of a number.
`cosh`		`(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
`cosine_distance`	`cosineDistance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the cosine distance between two vectors.
`count_matches`	`countMatches`	`(x, y)`	Returns the number of matches of a regular expression in a string.
`cut_fragment`	`cutFragment`	`(x)`	Removes the fragment from a URL.
`cut_query_string`	`cutQueryString`	`(x)`	Removes the query string from a URL.
`cut_query_string_and_fragment`	`cutQueryStringAndFragment`	`(x)`	Removes the query string and the fragment from a URL.
`cut_to_first_significant_subdomain`	`cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain`	`(x)`	Returns the part of the host of a URL up to the first significant subdomain.
`cut_www`	`cutWWW`	`(x)`	Removes a leading www from the host of a URL.
`date_add`	`dateAdd`, `date_add`	`(unit, x, y)`	Adds a number of units to a date or timestamp.
`date_diff`	`dateDiff`, `date_diff`	`(unit, x, y)`	Returns the number of unit boundaries crossed between two dates or timestamps.
`date_name`	`dateName`	`(unit, x)`	Returns the name of one part of a date or timestamp, such as the month name, as text.
`date_sub`	`dateSub`, `date_sub`	`(unit, x, y)`	Subtracts a number of units from a date or timestamp.
`date_trunc`		`(unit, x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of the given unit.
`decode_url_component`	`decodeURLComponent`	`(x)`	Decodes the percent escapes of a URL component.
`decode_url_form_component`	`decodeURLFormComponent`	`(x)`	Decodes the percent escapes of a URL form component, where a plus sign is a space.
`degrees`		`(x)`	Converts an angle from radians to degrees.
`dict_get`	`dictGet`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value of an attribute from a dictionary for a key.
`dict_get_or_default`	`dictGetOrDefault`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value of an attribute from a dictionary for a key, or a given default when the key is missing.
`dict_get_or_null`	`dictGetOrNull`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value of an attribute from a dictionary for a key, or NULL when the key is missing.
`dict_has`	`dictHas`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns 1 when a dictionary has the key and 0 otherwise.
`display_name`	`displayName`	`()`	Returns the host name of the server.
`domain`		`(x)`	Returns the host name of a URL.
`domain_without_www`	`domainWithoutWWW`	`(x)`	Returns the host name of a URL without a leading www.
`dot_product`	`dotProduct`	`(x, y)`	Returns the dot product of two vectors.
`e`		`()`	Returns the number e.
`edit_distance`	`editDistance`, `levenshteinDistance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the Levenshtein edit distance between two strings.
`empty`		`(x)`	Returns 1 when a string or array is empty and 0 otherwise.
`encode_url_component`	`encodeURLComponent`	`(x)`	Encodes a string as a URL component with percent escapes.
`encode_url_form_component`	`encodeURLFormComponent`	`(x)`	Encodes a string as a URL form component, where a space becomes a plus sign.
`ends_with`	`endsWith`	`(x, y)`	Returns 1 when a string ends with the given suffix and 0 otherwise.
`erf`		`(x)`	Returns the error function of a number.
`erfc`		`(x)`	Returns the complementary error function of a number.
`eval_ml_method`	`evalMLMethod`	`(model, feature1, ...)`	Applies a trained model state to feature values and returns the prediction.
`exp`		`(x)`	Returns e raised to a power.
`exp10`		`(x)`	Returns 10 raised to a power.
`exp2`		`(x)`	Returns 2 raised to a power.
`extract`		`(unit FROM x)`	Returns one field of a date or timestamp, such as the year or the hour, named by a unit.
`extract_all`	`extractAll`	`(x, y)`	Returns an array of all matches of a regular expression in a string.
`extract_groups`	`extractGroups`	`(x, y)`	Returns the capture groups of the first match of a regular expression as an array.
`extract_regex`		`(x, y)`	Returns the first capture group of the first match of a regular expression, or an empty string when nothing matches.
`extract_url_parameter`	`extractURLParameter`	`(x, y)`	Returns the value of a named query parameter of a URL.
`extract_url_parameter_names`	`extractURLParameterNames`	`(x)`	Returns the names of the query parameters of a URL as an array.
`extract_url_parameters`	`extractURLParameters`	`(x)`	Returns the query parameters of a URL as an array of name=value strings.
`factorial`		`(x)`	Returns the factorial of a non-negative integer.
`floor`		`(x[, y])`	Rounds a number down to the number of decimal places given as the optional second argument.
`format`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Fills the placeholders of a format string with the following arguments.
`format_date_time`	`formatDateTime`, `formatDatetime`	`(x, y)`	Formats a date or timestamp as text using a format string with percent codes.
`format_readable_quantity`	`formatReadableQuantity`	`(x[, y])`	Formats a number as text with a decimal unit, such as 1.00 million.
`format_readable_size`	`formatReadableSize`, `FORMAT_BYTES`	`(x[, y])`	Formats a number of bytes as text with a binary unit, such as 1.00 KiB.
`fragment`		`(x)`	Returns the fragment of a URL without the leading hash sign.
`from_unix_timestamp`	`fromUnixTimestamp`	`(x)`	Converts seconds since the Unix epoch to a DateTime.
`from_unix_timestamp64_micro`	`fromUnixTimestamp64Micro`	`(x)`	Converts microseconds since the Unix epoch to a timestamp.
`from_unix_timestamp64_milli`	`fromUnixTimestamp64Milli`	`(x)`	Converts milliseconds since the Unix epoch to a timestamp.
`from_unix_timestamp64_nano`	`fromUnixTimestamp64Nano`	`(x)`	Converts nanoseconds since the Unix epoch to a timestamp.
`gcd`		`(x, y)`	Returns the greatest common divisor of two integers.
`greatest`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the largest of its arguments.
`half_md5`	`halfMD5`	`(x)`	Returns the first 8 bytes of the MD5 hash of a string as a 64-bit number.
`has`		`(x, y)`	Returns 1 when an array contains a value or a map contains a key, and 0 otherwise.
`hex`		`(x)`	Returns the hexadecimal text form of a value.
`hive_hash`	`hiveHash`	`(x)`	Returns the Hive hash of a value.
`host_name`	`hostName`	`()`	Returns the host name of the server.
`hypot`		`(x, y)`	Returns the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the given sides.
`if_null`	`ifNull`	`(x, y)`	Returns the second argument when the first is NULL, and the first otherwise.
`int_div`	`intDiv`	`(x, y)`	Divides two numbers and rounds the result towards zero to an integer.
`int_div_or_zero`	`intDivOrZero`	`(x, y)`	Divides two numbers and rounds towards zero, or returns zero when the divisor is zero.
`int_exp10`	`intExp10`	`(x)`	Returns 10 raised to an integer power as an integer.
`int_exp2`	`intExp2`	`(x)`	Returns 2 raised to an integer power as an integer.
`int_hash32`	`intHash32`	`(x)`	Returns a 32-bit hash of an integer.
`int_hash64`	`intHash64`	`(x)`	Returns a 64-bit hash of an integer.
`ipv4_num_to_string`	`IPv4NumToString`, `INET_NTOA`	`(x)`	Converts an IPv4 address from a number to dotted text.
`ipv4_num_to_string_class_c`	`IPv4NumToStringClassC`	`(x)`	Converts an IPv4 address from a number to dotted text with the last byte replaced by xxx.
`ipv4_string_to_num`	`IPv4StringToNum`, `INET_ATON`	`(x)`	Converts an IPv4 address from dotted text to a number.
`ipv4_string_to_num_or_default`	`IPv4StringToNumOrDefault`	`(x)`	Converts an IPv4 address from dotted text to a number, or returns zero when the text is not an address.
`ipv4_string_to_num_or_null`	`IPv4StringToNumOrNull`	`(x)`	Converts an IPv4 address from dotted text to a number, or returns NULL when the text is not an address.
`is_finite`	`isFinite`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a number is neither infinite nor NaN and 0 otherwise.
`is_infinite`	`isInfinite`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a number is infinite and 0 otherwise.
`is_ipv4_string`	`isIPv4String`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a string is a valid IPv4 address and 0 otherwise.
`is_ipv6_string`	`isIPv6String`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a string is a valid IPv6 address and 0 otherwise.
`is_nan`	`isNaN`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a number is NaN and 0 otherwise.
`is_not_null`	`isNotNull`	`(x)`	Returns 0 when the value is NULL and 1 otherwise.
`is_null`	`isNull`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when the value is NULL and 0 otherwise.
`is_valid_json`	`isValidJSON`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a string is valid JSON and 0 otherwise.
`java_hash`	`javaHash`	`(x)`	Returns the Java hashCode of a value.
`json_extract_array_raw`	`JSONExtractArrayRaw`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the elements of the JSON array at the given path as an array of raw JSON text.
`json_extract_bool`	`JSONExtractBool`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as a Boolean.
`json_extract_float`	`JSONExtractFloat`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as a float.
`json_extract_int`	`JSONExtractInt`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as a signed integer.
`json_extract_keys`	`JSONExtractKeys`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the keys of the JSON object at the given path as an array.
`json_extract_raw`	`JSONExtractRaw`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as raw JSON text.
`json_extract_string`	`JSONExtractString`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as a string.
`json_extract_uint`	`JSONExtractUInt`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the value at the given path of a JSON string as an unsigned integer.
`json_has`	`JSONHas`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns 1 when a JSON string has the value at the given path and 0 otherwise.
`json_length`	`JSONLength`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the number of elements of the JSON array or object at the given path.
`json_type`	`JSONType`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the JSON type of the value at the given path as text.
`l1_distance`	`L1Distance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the Manhattan distance between two vectors.
`l1_norm`	`L1Norm`	`(x)`	Returns the sum of the absolute values of a vector.
`l2_distance`	`l2Distance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the Euclidean distance between two vectors.
`l2_norm`	`L2Norm`	`(x)`	Returns the Euclidean length of a vector.
`l2_squared_distance`	`L2SquaredDistance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the squared Euclidean distance between two vectors.
`l2_squared_norm`	`L2SquaredNorm`	`(x)`	Returns the squared Euclidean length of a vector.
`lcm`		`(x, y)`	Returns the least common multiple of two integers.
`least`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the smallest of its arguments.
`left`		`(x, y)`	Returns the first given number of bytes of a string.
`left_pad`	`leftPad`, `lpad`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Pads a string on the left to the given length, with spaces or a given fill string.
`left_pad_utf8`	`leftPadUTF8`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Pads a UTF-8 string on the left to the given length in code points.
`left_utf8`	`leftUTF8`	`(x, y)`	Returns the first given number of code points of a UTF-8 string.
`length`	`cardinality`	`(x)`	Returns the length of a string in bytes, or the number of elements of an array or map. Returns `UInt64`.
`length_utf8`	`lengthUTF8`, `char_length`, `character_length`	`(x)`	Returns the length of a string in Unicode code points.
`lgamma`		`(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function.
`linf_distance`	`LinfDistance`	`(x, y)`	Returns the largest absolute difference between the elements of two vectors.
`linf_norm`	`LinfNorm`	`(x)`	Returns the largest absolute value in a vector.
`llm_classify`	`llmClassify`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Asks the configured language model to pick one of the given labels for a text.
`llm_embed`	`llmEmbed`	`(x[, y])`	Asks the configured language model for the embedding vector of a text.
`llm_summarize`	`llmSummarize`	`(x[, y])`	Asks the configured language model for a summary of the texts of a group.
`log`	`ln`	`(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm of a number.
`log10`		`(x)`	Returns the base 10 logarithm of a number.
`log2`		`(x)`	Returns the base 2 logarithm of a number.
`lower`	`lcase`	`(x)`	Converts ASCII letters of a string to lower case.
`lower_utf8`	`lowerUTF8`	`(x)`	Converts the letters of a UTF-8 string to lower case.
`lp_norm`	`LpNorm`	`(x, y)`	Returns the p-norm of a vector for the exponent given as the second argument.
`map_concat`	`mapConcat`	`(map1, map2, ...)`	Merges maps into one map.
`map_from_arrays`	`mapFromArrays`	`(x, y)`	Builds a map from an array of keys and an array of values.
`map_keys`	`mapKeys`	`(x)`	Returns the keys of a map as an array.
`map_values`	`mapValues`	`(x)`	Returns the values of a map as an array.
`mask_hash`		`(x, y)`	Replaces a value with a short hash of the value and a salt, so equal values stay equal.
`mask_null`		`(x)`	Replaces a value with NULL. Data policies use it to hide a column.
`mask_partial`		`(x)`	Replaces all but the last four bytes of a string with asterisks. Strings of four bytes or less are masked completely.
`mask_redact`		`(x)`	Replaces a value with a fixed value of the same type: three asterisks for text, zero for numbers and the epoch for times.
`match`	`REGEXP_MATCHES`	`(x, y)`	Returns 1 when a string matches a regular expression anywhere and 0 otherwise.
`md5`		`(x)`	Returns the MD5 hash of a string.
`modulo`	`mod`	`(x, y)`	Returns the remainder of a division.
`modulo_or_zero`	`moduloOrZero`	`(x, y)`	Returns the remainder of a division, or zero when the divisor is zero.
`negate`		`(x)`	Returns a number with its sign reversed.
`netloc`		`(x)`	Returns the network location of a URL: user information, host and port.
`normalize_l2`	`normalizeL2`, `L2Normalize`	`(x)`	Scales a vector to Euclidean length 1.
`not_empty`	`notEmpty`	`(x)`	Returns 1 when a string or array is not empty and 0 otherwise.
`null_if`	`nullIf`	`(x, y)`	Returns NULL when the two arguments are equal, and the first argument otherwise.
`path`		`(x)`	Returns the path of a URL without the query string.
`path_full`	`pathFull`	`(x)`	Returns the path of a URL with the query string and fragment.
`pi`		`()`	Returns the number pi.
`port`		`(x[, y])`	Returns the port of a URL, or a default given as the optional second argument.
`position`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the 1-based position of a substring in a string, or 0 when it is not found.
`position_case_insensitive`	`positionCaseInsensitive`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the 1-based position of a substring in a string, ignoring case, or 0 when it is not found.
`positive_modulo`	`positiveModulo`, `pmod`	`(x, y)`	Returns the remainder of a division, always zero or positive for a positive divisor.
`pow`	`power`	`(x, y)`	Raises the first argument to the power of the second.
`protocol`		`(x)`	Returns the scheme of a URL, such as https.
`query_string`	`queryString`	`(x)`	Returns the query string of a URL without the leading question mark.
`query_string_and_fragment`	`queryStringAndFragment`	`(x)`	Returns the query string and the fragment of a URL.
`radians`		`(x)`	Converts an angle from degrees to radians.
`range`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns an array of integers from a start up to but not including an end, with an optional step.
`regexp_extract`	`regexpExtract`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns a capture group of the first match of a regular expression, chosen by an optional group number.
`regexp_quote_meta`	`regexpQuoteMeta`	`(x)`	Escapes the characters of a string that have a special meaning in a regular expression.
`repeat`		`(x, y)`	Repeats a string the given number of times.
`replace_all`	`replaceAll`, `replace`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Replaces every occurrence of a substring.
`replace_one`	`replaceOne`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Replaces the first occurrence of a substring.
`replace_regexp_all`	`replaceRegexpAll`, `REGEXP_REPLACE`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Replaces every match of a regular expression.
`replace_regexp_one`	`replaceRegexpOne`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Replaces the first match of a regular expression.
`reverse`		`(x)`	Reverses the bytes of a string or the elements of an array.
`reverse_utf8`	`reverseUTF8`	`(x)`	Reverses the code points of a UTF-8 string.
`revision`		`()`	Returns the ClickHouse protocol revision number the server reports. Returns `UInt32`.
`right`		`(x, y)`	Returns the last given number of bytes of a string.
`right_pad`	`rightPad`, `rpad`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Pads a string on the right to the given length, with spaces or a given fill string.
`right_pad_utf8`	`rightPadUTF8`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Pads a UTF-8 string on the right to the given length in code points.
`right_utf8`	`rightUTF8`	`(x, y)`	Returns the last given number of code points of a UTF-8 string.
`round`		`(x[, y])`	Rounds a number to the number of decimal places given as the optional second argument.
`round_age`	`roundAge`	`(x)`	Returns the lower bound of the age bucket (0, 17, 18, 25, 35, 45 or 55) that holds an age in years.
`round_bankers`	`roundBankers`	`(x[, y])`	Rounds a number half to even, to the number of decimal places given as the optional second argument.
`round_duration`	`roundDuration`	`(x)`	Returns the lower bound, in seconds, of the duration bucket that holds a duration in seconds.
`round_to_exp2`	`roundToExp2`	`(x)`	Rounds a number down to the nearest power of two.
`sha1`		`(x)`	Returns the SHA-1 hash of a string.
`sha224`		`(x)`	Returns the SHA-224 hash of a string.
`sha256`		`(x)`	Returns the SHA-256 hash of a string.
`sha512`		`(x)`	Returns the SHA-512 hash of a string.
`sign`		`(x)`	Returns -1, 0 or 1 for a negative, zero or positive number.
`simple_json_extract_bool`	`simpleJSONExtractBool`, `visitParamExtractBool`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a Boolean. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_extract_float`	`simpleJSONExtractFloat`, `visitParamExtractFloat`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a float. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_extract_int`	`simpleJSONExtractInt`, `visitParamExtractInt`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a signed integer. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_extract_raw`	`simpleJSONExtractRaw`, `visitParamExtractRaw`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a raw JSON text. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_extract_string`	`simpleJSONExtractString`, `visitParamExtractString`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a string. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_extract_uint`	`simpleJSONExtractUInt`, `visitParamExtractUInt`	`(x, y)`	Returns a field of a JSON string as a unsigned integer. It does a fast text search and does not fully parse the JSON.
`simple_json_has`	`simpleJSONHas`, `visitParamHas`	`(x, y)`	Returns 1 when a JSON string has the given field and 0 otherwise.
`sin`		`(x)`	Returns the sine of a number.
`sinh`		`(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
`sip_hash64`	`sipHash64`	`(x)`	Returns the SipHash 64-bit hash of a value.
`space`		`(x)`	Returns a string of the given number of spaces.
`split_by_char`	`splitByChar`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Splits a string at a single separator character into an array.
`split_by_non_alpha`	`splitByNonAlpha`	`(x[, y])`	Splits a string at characters that are not letters or digits into an array.
`split_by_string`	`splitByString`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Splits a string at a separator string into an array.
`split_by_whitespace`	`splitByWhitespace`	`(x[, y])`	Splits a string at runs of whitespace into an array.
`sqrt`		`(x)`	Returns the square root of a number.
`starts_with`	`startsWith`	`(x, y)`	Returns 1 when a string starts with the given prefix and 0 otherwise.
`string_array`	`stringArray`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Builds an array of strings from its arguments.
`substring`	`substr`, `mid`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns part of a string, given a start position and an optional length counted in bytes.
`substring_index`	`substringIndex`, `SUBSTRING_INDEX`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns the part of a string before the given number of occurrences of a delimiter.
`substring_utf8`	`substringUTF8`, `substrUTF8`	`(x1, x2, ...)`	Returns part of a UTF-8 string, given a start position and an optional length counted in code points.
`subtract_days`	`subtractDays`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of days from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_hours`	`subtractHours`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of hours from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_minutes`	`subtractMinutes`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of minutes from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_months`	`subtractMonths`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of months from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_quarters`	`subtractQuarters`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of quarters from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_seconds`	`subtractSeconds`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of seconds from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_weeks`	`subtractWeeks`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of weeks from a date or timestamp.
`subtract_years`	`subtractYears`	`(x, y)`	Subtracts a number of years from a date or timestamp.
`tan`		`(x)`	Returns the tangent of a number.
`tanh`		`(x)`	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.
`tgamma`		`(x)`	Returns the gamma function of a number.
`timezone`	`timeZone`	`()`	Returns the time zone name, which is always UTC.
`to_bool`	`toBool`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Bool.
`to_date`	`toDate`	`(x)`	Converts a string, number or timestamp to a Date.
`to_date_or_null`	`toDateOrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to a Date, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_date_time`	`toDateTime`	`(x)`	Converts a string, number or timestamp to a DateTime with second precision.
`to_date_time64`	`toDateTime64`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a timestamp rounded down to the number of decimal places given as the second argument.
`to_date_time_or_null`	`toDateTimeOrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to a DateTime, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_day_of_month`	`toDayOfMonth`	`(x)`	Returns the day of the month of a date or timestamp.
`to_day_of_week`	`toDayOfWeek`	`(x[, y])`	Returns the day of the week of a date or timestamp, with Monday as 1. The optional second argument selects the week mode.
`to_day_of_year`	`toDayOfYear`	`(x)`	Returns the day of the year of a date or timestamp.
`to_decimal32`	`toDecimal32`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal32 with the scale given as the second argument.
`to_decimal32_or_null`	`toDecimal32OrNull`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal32, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_decimal32_or_zero`	`toDecimal32OrZero`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal32, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_decimal64`	`toDecimal64`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal64 with the scale given as the second argument.
`to_decimal64_or_null`	`toDecimal64OrNull`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal64, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_decimal64_or_zero`	`toDecimal64OrZero`	`(x[, y])`	Converts a value to a Decimal64, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_float32`	`toFloat32`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float32.
`to_float32_or_null`	`toFloat32OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float32, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_float32_or_zero`	`toFloat32OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float32, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_float64`	`toFloat64`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float64.
`to_float64_or_null`	`toFloat64OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float64, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_float64_or_zero`	`toFloat64OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Float64, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_hour`	`toHour`	`(x)`	Returns the hour of a date or timestamp.
`to_int16`	`toInt16`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int16.
`to_int16_or_null`	`toInt16OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int16, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_int16_or_zero`	`toInt16OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int16, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_int32`	`toInt32`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int32.
`to_int32_or_null`	`toInt32OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int32, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_int32_or_zero`	`toInt32OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int32, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_int64`	`toInt64`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int64.
`to_int64_or_null`	`toInt64OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int64, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_int64_or_zero`	`toInt64OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int64, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_int8`	`toInt8`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int8.
`to_int8_or_null`	`toInt8OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int8, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_int8_or_zero`	`toInt8OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to Int8, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_ipv4`	`toIPv4`	`(x)`	Converts dotted text or a number to an IPv4 value.
`to_iso_week`	`toISOWeek`	`(x)`	Returns the ISO week number of a date or timestamp.
`to_iso_year`	`toISOYear`	`(x)`	Returns the ISO year of a date or timestamp.
`to_minute`	`toMinute`	`(x)`	Returns the minute of a date or timestamp.
`to_monday`	`toMonday`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the Monday of its week.
`to_month`	`toMonth`	`(x)`	Returns the month of a date or timestamp.
`to_quarter`	`toQuarter`	`(x)`	Returns the quarter of a date or timestamp.
`to_relative_day_num`	`toRelativeDayNum`	`(x)`	Returns the number of days since the Unix epoch for a date or timestamp.
`to_second`	`toSecond`	`(x)`	Returns the second of a date or timestamp.
`to_start_of_day`	`toStartOfDay`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its day.
`to_start_of_fifteen_minutes`	`toStartOfFifteenMinutes`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its fifteen-minute interval.
`to_start_of_five_minutes`	`toStartOfFiveMinutes`, `toStartOfFiveMinute`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its five-minute interval.
`to_start_of_hour`	`toStartOfHour`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its hour.
`to_start_of_interval`	`toStartOfInterval`	`(x, INTERVAL n unit)`	Rounds a timestamp down to the start of an interval written as INTERVAL n unit.
`to_start_of_minute`	`toStartOfMinute`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its minute.
`to_start_of_month`	`toStartOfMonth`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its month.
`to_start_of_quarter`	`toStartOfQuarter`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its quarter.
`to_start_of_ten_minutes`	`toStartOfTenMinutes`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its ten-minute interval.
`to_start_of_week`	`toStartOfWeek`	`(x[, y])`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its week. The optional second argument selects the week mode.
`to_start_of_year`	`toStartOfYear`	`(x)`	Rounds a date or timestamp down to the start of its year.
`to_string`	`toString`	`(x)`	Converts a value to its text form.
`to_type_name`	`toTypeName`	`(x)`	Returns the name of the type of a value as text.
`to_uint16`	`toUInt16`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt16.
`to_uint16_or_null`	`toUInt16OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt16, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_uint16_or_zero`	`toUInt16OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt16, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_uint32`	`toUInt32`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt32. Returns `UInt32`.
`to_uint32_or_null`	`toUInt32OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt32, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted. Returns `UInt32`.
`to_uint32_or_zero`	`toUInt32OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt32, or returns zero when it cannot be converted. Returns `UInt32`.
`to_uint64`	`toUInt64`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt64. Returns `UInt64`.
`to_uint64_or_null`	`toUInt64OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt64, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted. Returns `UInt64`.
`to_uint64_or_zero`	`toUInt64OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt64, or returns zero when it cannot be converted. Returns `UInt64`.
`to_uint8`	`toUInt8`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt8.
`to_uint8_or_null`	`toUInt8OrNull`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt8, or returns NULL when it cannot be converted.
`to_uint8_or_zero`	`toUInt8OrZero`	`(x)`	Converts a value to UInt8, or returns zero when it cannot be converted.
`to_unix_timestamp`	`toUnixTimestamp`	`(x)`	Returns a date or timestamp as seconds since the Unix epoch.
`to_week`	`toWeek`, `week`	`(x[, y])`	Returns the week number of a date or timestamp. The optional second argument selects the week mode.
`to_year`	`toYear`	`(x)`	Returns the year of a date or timestamp.
`to_year_week`	`toYearWeek`, `yearweek`	`(x[, y])`	Returns the year and week number of a date or timestamp as one number. The optional second argument selects the week mode.
`to_yyyymm`	`toYYYYMM`	`(x)`	Returns the year and month of a date or timestamp as a number such as 202610.
`to_yyyymmdd`	`toYYYYMMDD`	`(x)`	Returns the date of a date or timestamp as a number such as 20261031.
`to_yyyymmddhhmmss`	`toYYYYMMDDhhmmss`	`(x)`	Returns the date and time of a date or timestamp as a number such as 20261031235959.
`top_level_domain`	`topLevelDomain`	`(x)`	Returns the top-level domain of a URL, such as com.
`translate`		`(x1, x2, ...)`	Replaces each character found in the second argument with the character at the same position in the third; characters with no counterpart are removed.
`trim_both`	`trimBoth`, `trim`	`(x[, y])`	Removes leading and trailing spaces, or the characters given as the optional second argument.
`trim_left`	`trimLeft`, `ltrim`	`(x[, y])`	Removes leading spaces, or the leading characters given as the optional second argument.
`trim_right`	`trimRight`, `rtrim`	`(x[, y])`	Removes trailing spaces, or the trailing characters given as the optional second argument.
`trunc`	`truncate`	`(x[, y])`	Rounds a number towards zero to the number of decimal places given as the optional second argument.
`unbin`		`(x)`	Converts binary text to the bytes it encodes.
`unhex`		`(x)`	Converts hexadecimal text to the bytes it encodes.
`upper`	`ucase`	`(x)`	Converts ASCII letters of a string to upper case.
`upper_utf8`	`upperUTF8`	`(x)`	Converts the letters of a UTF-8 string to upper case.
`version`		`()`	Returns the server version as text, in the form ClickHouse clients expect.
`wy_hash64`	`wyHash64`	`(x)`	Returns the wyHash 64-bit hash of a value.
`xx_hash32`	`xxHash32`	`(x)`	Returns the xxHash 32-bit hash of a value.
`xx_hash64`	`xxHash64`	`(x)`	Returns the xxHash 64-bit hash of a value.